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The Obama Doctrine is a catch-all term frequently used to describe one or several principles of the foreign policy of U.S. President Barack Obama. It is still not agreed whether there is an actual Obama Doctrine, or if it is too early to define it. Unlike the Monroe Doctrine, the Obama Doctrine is not a specific foreign policy introduced by the executive, but rather a phrase used to describe Obama's general style of foreign policy. This has led journalists and political commentators to analyze what the exact tenets of an Obama Doctrine might look like.〔(Jerome Vitenberg, U.S. Foreign Policy in ‘Whirlfall’, FrontPage Mag, Nov. 21, 2013 )〕 Generally speaking, it is widely accepted that a central part of such a doctrine would emphasize negotiation and collaboration rather than confrontation and unilateralism in international affairs.〔("Barack Obama's Executive Unilateralism." )〕〔("Rhetoric and Reality? Unilateralism and the Obama Administration." )〕 This policy has been praised by some as a welcome change from the equally interventionist Bush Doctrine.〔("Obama, an economic unilateralist." )〕〔 Supporters of Obama's unilateral policies (such as targeted killings of suspected enemies of the US) including former United States Ambassador to the United Nations John Bolton, have described it as overly idealistic and naïve, promoting appeasement of adversaries.〔("John Bolton Praises Obama’s Drone Program As ‘Sensible’ And ‘Consistent’ Extension Of Bush-Era Policies." )〕〔 Others have drawn attention to its radical departure in tone from not only the policies of the Bush administration but many former presidents as well.〔 ==Pre-presidency== The term "Obama Doctrine" was used long before the start of Obama's presidency, while he was still only a candidate in the Democratic primaries. In an article in ''The Providence Journal'' from August 28, 2007, James Kirchick used the term in a derogatory sense, and argued that the Obama Doctrine could be summarised as: "The United States will remain impassive in the face of genocide." This critique was based on an interview Obama had given to the Associated Press on July 21, where he said that "the United States cannot use its military to solve humanitarian problems" and that "preventing a potential genocide in Iraq isn't a good enough reason to keep U.S. forces there."〔 Hilary Bok, guest-blogging for Andrew Sullivan at ''The Atlantic'' Later in the campaign, when asked the question about himself at one of the Democratic presidential debates in March, Obama answered that his doctrine was "not going to be as doctrinaire as the Bush doctrine, because the world is complicated." He added that the United States would have to "view our security in terms of a common security and a common prosperity with other peoples and other countries."〔 Later this doctrine was elaborated on as "a doctrine that first ends the politics of fear and then moves beyond a hollow, sloganeering 'democracy promotion' agenda in favor of 'dignity promotion,'" that would target the conditions that promoted anti-Americanism and prevented democracy.〔 This policy was quickly criticized by Dean Barnett of ''The Weekly Standard'' as naïve. Barnett argued that it was not a "climate of fear" that lay behind Islamic extremism, but "something more malicious".〔 Then-President George W. Bush, in a May 2008 speech at the Knesset, likened direct negotiations with Iran, or terrorist groups such as Hamas and Hezbollah, to attempts at "appeasement" of Nazi Germany in the late 1930s. The comments were interpreted by some in the media, as well as by Obama himself, as a direct criticism of Obama.〔 Obama called the comments "a false political attack", and added that "George Bush knows that I have never supported engagement with terrorists," while Senator Joe Biden, Obama's running mate, said that Bush's comments were "demeaning to the presidency of the United States of America".〔 Bush spokeswoman Dana Perino, pressed for a clarification, stated that Bush's comments were "not specifically pointed to one individual," and that "all of you who cover these issues... have known that there are many who have suggested these types of negotiations".〔(Bush's Hitler remarks single-out no 'one' ), Mark Silva, ''Chicago Tribune'' "The Swamp" blog, May 15, 2008〕 In 2008, the term "Obama Doctrine" was used by Lynn Sweet of the ''Chicago Sun-Times'' in a comment on a speech given by then-Senator Obama at the Woodrow Wilson Center on July 15. Here Obama listed the five pillars of his foreign policy, should he be elected:〔 Sweet pointed out that these ideas were a reiteration of the essay "Renewing American Leadership," that Obama had written for ''Foreign Affairs'' magazine in the summer of 2007.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Obama Doctrine」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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